Shoulder Arthritis

Shoulder arthritis can develop for a variety of reasons, and often it is the result of a combination of factors rather than a single cause. The shoulder is a ball-and-socket joint, which means it allows a wide range of motion, but this also makes it vulnerable to wear and tear.

• Age is one of the most common contributors. Over time, the cartilage naturally wears down, especially with repeated use of the shoulder joint.
• Previous injuries can also play a significant role. A past shoulder fracture, dislocation, or rotator cuff tear can change how the joint moves and lead to uneven wear on the cartilage. Even injuries that happened years ago can increase the risk of arthritis later in life.
• Repetitive use of the shoulder is another factor. People who perform overhead activities regularly, whether for work or sports, may place extra stress on the joint. Over time, this can contribute to cartilage breakdown.
• Inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis can also cause shoulder arthritis. In these cases, the body’s immune system attacks the joint lining, leading to inflammation and damage.
• Genetics may also influence your risk. Some people are more likely to develop arthritis because of inherited traits that affect joint structure or cartilage health.

The symptoms of shoulder arthritis often develop slowly and may worsen over time.

• Pain is usually the first and most noticeable symptom. It may start as a mild ache and gradually become more constant. Many people notice pain during movement, especially when lifting the arm, reaching overhead, or carrying objects.
• Stiffness is another common symptom. You may find it harder to move your shoulder through its full range of motion. Activities like reaching behind your back or putting on a jacket can become difficult.
• A grinding or clicking sensation, sometimes called crepitus, may occur when moving the shoulder. This happens when the smooth cartilage surface is no longer present, and the bones or rough joint surfaces rub against each other.
• Swelling and tenderness around the joint can also occur, although this may be less noticeable in the shoulder compared to other joints like the knee.
• As the condition progresses, weakness in the shoulder may develop. This can make everyday tasks more challenging and may lead to decreased use of the arm.
• Pain may also interfere with sleep. Many people with shoulder arthritis report discomfort when lying on the affected side or even general nighttime pain.

Diagnosing shoulder arthritis typically begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, when they started, what activities make them better or worse, and whether you have had any previous injuries.

During the physical exam, your shoulder will be evaluated for range of motion, strength, and areas of tenderness. The doctor may gently move your arm in different directions to assess how the joint functions and to identify any pain or stiffness.

Imaging tests are used to confirm the diagnosis. X-rays are the most common and can show changes in the joint such as narrowing of the joint space, arthritis, bone spurs, or changes in bone shape. These findings help indicate cartilage loss.

In some cases, additional imaging such as an MRI may be recommended. An MRI provides more detailed information about soft tissues, including cartilage, ligaments, and the rotator cuff. This can be helpful if there is concern about other shoulder conditions in addition to arthritis.

Blood tests may be used if an inflammatory type of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis, is suspected. These tests can help identify markers of inflammation or autoimmune activity.

A clear diagnosis is important because it guides treatment. While shoulder arthritis cannot be reversed, many effective treatments are available to reduce pain, improve function, and help you return to daily activities.