Knee Arthritis

Knee arthritis develops for different reasons, depending on the type.

• Osteoarthritis is usually caused by gradual wear and tear on the joint over time. As cartilage breaks down, the joint loses its ability to move smoothly.
• Rheumatoid arthritis is caused by an overactive immune system that mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in the joint.
• Post-traumatic arthritis occurs after an injury that damages the cartilage or changes how the joint functions.

Several factors can increase the risk of developing knee arthritis. Age is one of the biggest contributors, as the joints naturally experience more wear over time. Being overweight adds extra stress to the knee joint, which can speed up cartilage breakdown. Previous injuries, such as ligament tears or fractures, can also increase the risk, even years after the injury has healed.

Genetics may play a role, meaning arthritis can run in families. Certain occupations or activities that involve repetitive knee bending, heavy lifting, or high-impact movements can also contribute. In addition, conditions like rheumatoid arthritis or other inflammatory diseases increase the likelihood of joint damage.

The symptoms of knee arthritis can vary depending on the severity of the condition, but they often develop gradually. Pain is the most common symptom. It may start as a mild ache and become more noticeable with activity, especially after walking, climbing stairs, or standing for long periods.

Stiffness is another common sign, particularly after sitting or resting for a while. Many people notice that their knee feels tight or difficult to move first thing in the morning or after being inactive. Swelling can occur as the joint becomes inflamed, making the knee appear larger or feel tender to the touch.

As arthritis progresses, the range of motion in the knee may decrease. It can become harder to fully bend or straighten the leg. Some people experience a grinding or clicking sensation when moving the knee, which happens when the cartilage has worn down and the joint surfaces are no longer smooth.

In more advanced cases, the knee may feel unstable or weak, as if it might give out during movement. Pain may become more constant and may even occur at rest. These symptoms can significantly affect daily activities and overall quality of life.

Diagnosing knee arthritis begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination. A healthcare provider will ask about symptoms, when they started, and how they affect daily activities. They will also ask about any past injuries, medical conditions, and family history of arthritis.

During the physical exam, the they will check the knee for swelling, tenderness, and range of motion. They may observe how the patient walks or moves the joint to identify any limitations or instability. This hands-on evaluation provides important clues about the condition of the knee.

Imaging tests are often used to confirm the diagnosis and assess the severity of arthritis. X-rays are the most common imaging tool and can show changes such as joint space narrowing, bone spurs, and other signs of cartilage loss. In some cases, an MRI may be recommended to provide a more detailed view of the soft tissues, including cartilage, ligaments, and the joint lining.

Blood tests may be used if rheumatoid arthritis or another inflammatory condition is suspected. These tests can help identify markers of inflammation or immune system activity. In certain situations, joint fluid may be drawn from the knee and analyzed to rule out infection or other conditions.

An accurate diagnosis helps guide the most effective treatment plan. While knee arthritis cannot always be reversed, early diagnosis and proper care can help manage symptoms, improve function, and slow the progression of the condition.